But - Logically the same as And, but used in the negative form.Occasionally, the combination of Given-When-Then uses other keywords to define conjunctions Then - Describes the outcome resulting from actions taken in the When clause.When - Describes actions taken by a user during a test.Given - Describes the preconditions and initial state before the start of a test and allows for any pre-test setup that may occur.The first word of a step is a keyword, typically one of The crux of a Scenario is defined by a sequence of Steps outlining the preconditions and flow of events that will take place. Column values are substituted for each of the named placeholders in the scenario. Scenario Outline: A user withdraws money from an ATM Given has a valid Credit or Debit card And their account balance is When they insert their card And withdraw Then the ATM should return And their account balance is Examples: | Name | OriginalBalance | WithdrawalAmount | NewBalance | | Eric | 100 | 45 | 55 | | Gaurav | 100 | 40 | 60 | | Ed | 1000 | 200 | 800 |Īt runtime the scenario is run against each row in the table. An optional description on the following lines.The Feature name (on the same line as the keyword).
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These Features are subdivided into Scenarios, which are sequences of Steps.Ī feature is a Use Case that describes a specific function of the software being tested. Features, scenarios, and steps Ĭucumber tests are divided into individual Features. They contain a single Feature definition for the system under test and are an executable test script. They consist of a recognized Gherkin keyword followed by a string. Instructions are any non-empty and non-comment line. # is used as the line-comment character, and can be placed anywhere in a file. The structure of a file is defined using whitespace and other control characters. Syntax is centered around a line-oriented design, similar to that of Python. Ĭucumber -i18n help # List a language's keywords
Gherkin currently supports keywords in dozens of languages.
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In addition to providing a script for automated testing, Gherkin's natural language syntax is designed to provide simple documentation of the code under test. It seeks to enforce firm, unambiguous requirements starting in the initial phases of requirements definition by business management and in other stages of the development lifecycle. The purpose behind Gherkin's syntax is to promote behavior-driven development practices across an entire development team, including business analysts and managers. It is designed to be non-technical and human readable, and collectively describes use cases relating to a software system. Gherkin is the language that Cucumber uses to define test cases. Other implementations may simply leverage the Gherkin parser while implementing the rest of the testing framework in the target language. For example, Cuke4php and Cuke4Lua are software bridges that enable testing of PHP and Lua projects, respectively.
Cucumber now supports a variety of different programming languages through various implementations, including Java and JavaScript. and was originally used exclusively for Ruby testing as a complement to the RSpec BDD framework. Ĭucumber was originally written in the Ruby programming language. It runs automated acceptance tests written in a behavior-driven development (BDD) style. It is often used for testing other software. As such, Cucumber allows the execution of feature documentation written in business-facing text. It allows expected software behaviors to be specified in a logical language that customers can understand. Central to the Cucumber BDD approach is its ordinary language parser called Gherkin. Cucumber is a software tool that supports behavior-driven development (BDD).